Blockchain, also known as distributed ledger technology, has the potential to revolutionise how we conduct business. It is perhaps most famously known as the technology that allows the cryptocurrency Bitcoin to work. However, one of the most exciting aspects of blockchain is the potential to use it as the platform for self-executing ‘smart contracts’. Smart contracts have massive potential benefits for businesses as an efficient and secure replacement for traditional documents. They could streamline the legal process by enforcing a contract automatically and removing the need for the parties to trust each other or to use a middleman to draft and execute.
What is blockchain?
Understanding exactly how blockchain works can be tricky as the technology is relatively new. Blockchain is like a large distributed database or ledger. The ledger is decentralised so there is no one party controlling it. The same copy of the ledger is downloaded onto every computer and every transaction ever made is, generally speaking, recorded onto the ledger for all users to see. This helps keep the ledger secure as any manipulation of one copy of the ledger can be seen by others.
Transferring an asset from one person to another typically requires a trusted middleman, such as a bank, to facilitate the transaction. Blockchain removes the need for a third party intermediary and allows parties to link together directly without the need to trust each other. Instead, blockchain uses a consensus model to verify the transaction using a complex series of algorithms and cryptography.
Blockchain technology could be applied to almost every type of transaction involving an asset, whether money, shares or property. Blockchain could also provide parties with a secure replacement for traditional paper contracts - a smart contract.
Smart contracts
Typically, when we think of a contract, we imagine a typed paper agreement. Blockchain could render this a thing of the past. The digitisation of business has prompted the technology industry to revisit how we contract, which is one of the building blocks of modern day finance and business.
Smart contracts are not ‘contracts’ in the traditional sense. Rather they are programmable transactions that can automatically execute the terms of a contract once a defined set of rules are met, without the need for independent verification. The terms that make up the contract are coded and uploaded by software built on the blockchain. While Bitcoin is limited to the currency, smart contracts typically use the Ethereum version of blockchain.
An obvious benefit of no party controlling the self-executing contract is that the parties don’t need to trust each other. There are other potential benefits such as lower compliance costs and scalability that may arise with the wider uptake of smart contracts in the future.
The decentralised nature of blockchain also removes the need for the traditional cumbersome and paper-heavy process, and reduces individual human intervention, thereby making contract formation and execution more efficient.
Potential uses
A smart contract built on blockchain could be adapted to track the location of a contract, record an undisputable history of changes to the contract, and verify electronic signatories. In the future we could see smart contracts used for everything from distributing assets of an estate on death, to gym membership contracts, to property conveyances. The music industry could also adopt smart contracts to automatically keep track of ownership of music rights to facilitate licensing and royalty payments.
Challenges
Despite the many benefits, smart contracts don’t operate without a degree of risk:
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Security - Although the distributed nature of the underlying blockchain technology means the ledger is, in theory, secure, this does not stop the risk of cyber attacks, especially on a public ledger. In addition, the operation of the platform can cause security risks, and bugs or defects may not be instantly recognised and remedied by the users or developers.
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Costs - There are potentially high implementation costs and the general risk of human error could result in heavy financial losses. Coding a smart contract is challenging, which was demonstrated a few years ago when developers’ mistakes in a blockchain code left a decentralised venture capital fund over $50 million out of pocket after hackers exploited the errors.
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Regulation & Enforceability - Smart contracts are not currently regulated in Ireland and there has been no relevant case law to date. However, the Law Society of Ireland and the Department of Finance are monitoring developments in this area. With no statutory regulation yet in Ireland, it is not clear if a smart contract is legally enforceable. Technology can do a lot of things, but can it sense if a smart contract has been entered into under duress? Can it determine if a particular provision is unfair? Other EU countries are leading the way with Italy, for example, implementing a legal framework for smart contracts only a few months ago. This framework could be a good starting point for stakeholders in Ireland.
The future
It is clear that while smart contracts offer many benefits, they are not ready to fully replace mainstream traditional contracts and human interaction just yet. Creative solutions will need to be put into practice to deal with the risks that arise as smart contracts become a reality. For now we will stay tuned to the exciting developments in this area.
For more information, contact a member of our Technology team.
The content of this article is provided for information purposes only and does not constitute legal or other advice.
