For many companies facing financial stress, restructuring liabilities is the only way for their business to survive. Consensual restructuring, or voluntary workout, requires agreement from creditors to reorganise the company’s liabilities, and is typically implemented by agreement between the company and its creditors. Court-based restructuring processes, on the other hand, involve at least some degree of legal coercion of creditors to vary or release liabilities.

Restructuring processes involving groups with operations in more than one country often take place across borders and involve the coordination of insolvency processes in various jurisdictions. Since Ireland is a key jurisdiction for these purposes, as the jurisdiction of incorporation of many substantial holding and operating companies in international groups, Irish insolvency processes often play a prominent role in cross-border restructuring.

Consensual Restructuring

Consensual restructuring is attractive to both a debtor and its creditors for reasons of cost and confidentiality. However, it has the additional advantages of permitting a company to remain in control of its business and, frequently, permitting lenders to be repaid in full.

Typical features

There is no fixed format for negotiating a restructuring agreement, but the first step will often be to agree a standstill agreement, especially where banks or bondholders are the most significant creditors. A standstill agreement facilitates some, time-limited, breathing space for the parties to consider and negotiate a longer term solution. The appointment of a creditors’ committee is also a feature of standstill arrangements in larger bank and bondholder processes. If agreement can be reached between the parties, the restructuring agreement may combine some of the following features:

• Deferment or rescheduling of debt repayments
• Renegotiation of other debt terms, including, on occasion, permanent debt reduction
• Variation of material contracts
• Conversion of debt into equity
• New debt or equity funding
• Grant of new security
• Sale of assets
• Reorganisation of operational and management structures

A restructuring agreement will often give creditors considerable influence over the running of the company in the medium term. Financial and other restrictions aimed at generating and conserving cash will often be implemented. New funding may also be required, which can be supplied either by existing lenders or new funders. In many cases, a senior lender’s support for restructuring will be conditional on the company sourcing new funding either as part of the restructuring or within a limited period of time afterwards. The terms of this new funding and its priority of repayment will need to be negotiated as part of the overall agreement.

Benefits

The principal benefits of a consensual restructuring are its cost and confidentiality. In most cases, costs are lower than court-based processes and, in the absence of public disclosure obligations, for example under the Market Abuse Regulation, the arrangement can be kept confidential. In certain cases, the publicity of court proceedings itself may have a negative effect on the company’s enterprise value, to the detriment of all parties.

Drawbacks

The principal drawback of consensual restructuring is the challenge of obtaining unanimous agreement from creditors, and the continuing risk of unilateral creditor action during the negotiation process.

In this regard, the tactical background to restructuring talks with or without a standstill will be, on the one hand, the strength of the underlying loan documents including the covenants, warranties and representations that may be triggered with lenders or bondholders and, on the other hand, the likelihood of court proceedings if agreement cannot be reached.

Examinership

Key features

Examinership is an Irish court supervised rescue process lasting a maximum period of 100 days, during which the company is insulated from creditor action. An insolvency practitioner, the examiner, is tasked with reviewing the financial position of the company and, where feasible, he or she will formulate proposals to ensure the survival of the company and all or part of its undertaking as a going concern. Examinership is broadly equivalent to Chapter 11 in the United States and somewhat similar in terms of its objective to administration in the United Kingdom.

The court must be satisfied that a company is suitable for examinership from the outset. The court will only appoint an examiner if:

• the company is insolvent or where insolvency is imminent; and
• there is a reasonable prospect of survival of the company and all or part of its undertaking as a going concern.

Throughout the process the court will have regard to the preservation of employment.

The examiner’s proposals take the form of a proposed scheme of arrangement which will typically provide for a write down of debt across classes of creditors, including secured creditors, in conjunction with fresh investment. Fresh investment is not mandatory - this will depend on the company’s financial position.

Fresh investment may be provided by existing stakeholders or new investors. In situations where a number of stakeholders or investors express interest in investing in the company, the examiner will select whichever party he or she believes offers the greatest prospect for the company’s survival as a going concern.

From the point of view of a prospective investor, examinership gives a short period of less than 100 days within which it must carry out any due diligence and enter into an investment agreement.

The scheme of arrangement must be approved by at least one class of creditor and by the court. Any investment agreement must be binding and unconditional before the examiner can present the proposals to court. At the point of presentation of the scheme, the only permitted conditionality of the investment is the approval of the court.

The Irish examinership process has increasing international relevance. In late 2019 Weatherford International plc, the Irish parent of the US-headquartered Weatherford Group, entered examinership as the final step in a cross-border restructuring that involved a contemporaneous Chapter 11 process in the US and an insolvency process in Bermuda. The resulting scheme of arrangement was approved by Weatherford’s shareholders and creditors and sanctioned by the Irish High Court.

Benefits

• The company obtains immediate immunity from creditor action from the time of filing papers in the court office.
• Liabilities, including secured liabilities, can be crammed down as part of the process.
• Onerous contracts can be rejected with the sanction of the court.
• It is sometimes possible to negotiate a favourable outcome with creditors and other third parties against the backdrop of what could be achieved in examinership, since creditors, particularly unsecured creditors, know that a successful examinership will typically mean a nominal payment of less than 10% to them.

Drawbacks

• Examinership is not suitable for every company – the court will only appoint an examiner where there is a reasonable prospect of the survival of the company and all or part of its undertaking as a going concern.
• Guarantees that have been provided for any company debts will usually survive – for example, a director who has provided a personal guarantee will not avoid liability through examinership alone.
• Examinership does not protect shareholders. In every case, there is a risk that the ownership will change from existing shareholders to a new investor.

Schemes of Arrangement

Key features

Under the scheme of arrangement process, a company reaches an agreement with its creditors, or any class of them. The scheme of arrangement must be approved by a majority in number of each class of creditors and 75% in value in each class. There is no requirement that the company must be a going concern and no restricted time period within which the company must put the scheme into effect, so it is generally considered a cost-effective process. When a scheme has been approved by creditors, an application must be made to court to sanction the scheme. The court has discretion in making this decision. Once a scheme has been sanctioned, it will bind both assenting and dissenting creditors, and can take a wide variety of legal effects, including the impairment and variation of debts.

The Irish courts have taken a practical approach to the use of schemes of arrangement to achieve arrangements between companies and their creditors. In the case of Ballantyne plc, where an Irish incorporated reinsurer faced claims of over $1.65 billion, a creditor led scheme of arrangement was approved by the Irish courts. The process took approximately 6 weeks from the first court application in Ireland to its conclusion, and was ultimately sanctioned by the Irish High Court, despite opposition from one of the smaller creditors. The resulting scheme was recognised under Chapter 15 of the US Bankruptcy code as “foreign main proceedings”.

The very rapid implementation of the scheme of arrangement in Ballantyne highlights that Ireland is one of the most effective restructuring venues in the EU, and the only English speaking one post-Brexit, and that the Irish courts are a suitable venue for complex international insolvencies that will be recognised by US courts.

Recently, Ireland has further expedited the judicial appeals process by adopting measures such the appointment of seven judges to the Court of Appeal in October 2019. These developments bolster Ireland’s case to be a jurisdiction of choice in the post-Brexit era, since an Irish court order sanctioning a scheme of arrangement will remain automatically recognisable and enforceable throughout the EU.

Benefits

• The company does not need to show that Ireland is its “centre of main interest”. A company only needs to establish a sufficient connection to Ireland in order to avail of the process, meaning that the scheme process is available to non-Irish companies.
• A scheme of arrangement can provide for the release of guarantees if necessary to implement the scheme.
• There are no entry criteria. It is not necessary to demonstrate that the company and its undertaking has a reasonable prospect of survival, as required in the examinership process. The company does not therefore need to be a trading entity; it can simply be a guarantor or holding company.
• The company does not need to be insolvent to avail of a scheme of arrangement.
• The liabilities, including secured liabilities, of dissenting creditors can be crammed down as part of the process.
• Unlike examinership, there is no restricted time period within which the company must put the scheme of arrangement into effect.
• A court order sanctioning a scheme of arrangement is automatically recognisable and enforceable throughout the EU.
• A scheme of arrangement is capable of recognition in the United States under the Chapter 15 recognition process.

Drawbacks

• Unlike examinership, there is no automatic protection from creditors, although the court may stay all Irish proceedings as part of the process.
• The scheme of arrangement must be approved by a majority in number and 75% in value in each class – a significantly higher threshold than is required in examinership.

Comment

Irish law facilitates a number of efficient restructuring options for viable businesses facing financial stress. These options are also highly integrated into the international legal system, which facilitates their use in multi-jurisdiction restructuring and insolvency processes. For companies facing financial stress, the advantages and drawbacks of each approach should be fully considered in order to formulate a plan for survival.

For more information, please contact a member of our Restructuring & Insolvency teams.

The content of this article is provided for information purposes only and does not constitute legal or other advice.